LoRaWAN® Specification v1.0.2

This document describes the LoRaWANTM network protocol which is optimized for battery- powered end-devices that may be either mobile or mounted at a fixed location.

LoRaWAN networks typically are laid out in a star-of-stars topology in which gateways relay messages between end-devices2 and a central network server at the backend. Gateways are connected to the network server via standard IP connections while end-devices use single-hop LoRaTM or FSK communication to one or many gateways. All communication is generally bi-directional, although uplink communication from an end-device to the network server is expected to be the predominant traffic.